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Extract : 

Causal analysis is concerned with establishing quantitative measures of causal connection between variables. It does not prove that one variable causes another but, on the contrary, can only be applied if assumptions concerning the possible directions of causality between variables are made. Moreover, as we will see below, these are not the only assumptions necessary for its correct application. To understand causal analysis, certain statistical and methodological ideas must be established first. In this book I begin by discussing the nature of the data itself- namely the entities on which measurements are taken and the various modes of measurement available. In the causal analysis examined in this book only certain levels of measurement are applicable.

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